Sunday, January 26, 2020

Perception In Humans Vs Computer

Perception In Humans Vs Computer The Essay which I am going to write is about Minds and Computers. Here I will explain that what is a human mind, what a computer is and what is a relation between them. Its all about the idea of constructing or developing artificial intelligence. This question of possibility is not limited only to construction of such an advanced technology which will possess artificial intelligence and will act in a manner as human can do but is also a philosophical question. The word perception comes from the Latin words perceptio, percipio, and means receiving, collecting, and action of taking possession, apprehension with the mind or senses. [1] Humans perceive through their minds and senses. So how human mind or human brain works? According to Hippocrates (the father of Medicine) Man should be fully aware of the fact that it is from the brain and from the brain only that our feelings of joy, of pleasure, of laughing arise as well as our sorrow, our pain, our grief and our tears. We are thinking with the brain and we can see and hear and we are able to draw a distinction between ugliness and beauty, bad and good what is pleasant and unpleasant. A computer is defined as a programmable machine that receives input, stores and manipulates data, and provides output in a useful format. So how a computer perceive? The answer to this question is that computer perceives through knowledge of Artificial intelligence. Is it possible for a computer to learn and becomes capable like humans, to learn from observing the environments, is it possible that computer learn by trial and error basis. In Artificial intelligence some developers have developed robots that claims that are able and that they can learn like a newborn human baby can do. In my opinion it is not only the problem that is bound to software but also to hardware that hinder the growth in computer technology. As compared to human brain a super computer is unable to take off the powers of a human mind. In recent years, there was a rapid increase in the improvement and development of electronic race. Day by day the computational speed of electronic computer is increasing. The main focus in this electronic era is to make computers smaller and faster in processing. Transistors replaced the vacuum tubes and then transistors were also replaced by smaller and tiny integrated circuits. With the passage of time all these circuits are incorporated to microchips. The recent advancement in computer technology is forcing humans to think about such computers/robots that will match humans in performance and capabilities. Lets have a comparison between human brain and computer that whether computer is capable to learn and adopt more or human. Human brain is capable to receive a lot of information at real time from all the senses at constant rate, so its natural that human is able to adopt and learn more quickly from its environment and its surroundings. Human brain is capable to get a lot of information of the surroundings only in a single glance that will help the brain to respond in a quick way. Human brain is able to learn by mistakes, by errors, by experiences that may be good or bad and it is due to this learning that makes him capable of dealing with situation efficiently. It is the common judgment of many peoples that human brain as compare to computer is far more superior in acquiring new skills and techniques. On the other hand, the human brain requires more time to espouse to changes like erudition of more skills and quitting of old once. The more we do a particular work repeatedly the more easily it gets. If an individual does the same work for a longer time he gets used to it, than he can even do it subconscio usly and it becomes a habit for him. Computers are getting more and smarter with the passage of time. Computers are capable to learn anything that the computer programmers want to feed it in research centers. Different engines like voice recognition systems are developed in order to nourish the program with different voices that it could pick up patterns in speech, the accents and slangs and that it should recognize them. Another Engine is optical character recognition which is able to pick and choose up fresh information and patterns as it scrutinize the dissimilar styles of writing from its constantly growing database. Some programs are now able to classify between objects, it can place and recognize that object accordingly with their patterns and shapes to different categories. The perception rate of computer is increasing day by day. Some computer programs are now capable of learning and seeking by trail and errors, they learns from their mistakes and then they records a best solution in its database to tackle that problem or error for future reference. The ways in which computers are learning or we can say the computer learning techniques are getting better day by day and it is progressing in the right direction especially with the stop towards learning by using perceptions. Computer is progressing towards a big revolution and is now able to use the two most important senses that is senses like sight and sounds. It will be not too far that computer will learn and will be able to observe environment and will learn from examples. So who is more capable human or computer? Who is better in performance and capabilities? In my opinion a computer cannot over cross a brain and a brain well remain winner and is winner. There are a lot of fields in which a brain is more powerful than a computer. A brain is only less efficient when it is used for only one purpose or specific function. The brain completely depends on how we make it. When it come to calculations and memorizing, computer lefts brain behind. As now we are somehow up to some extent familiar with what a mind and a brain is. Now I will explain some philosophical problems in artificial intelligence. All these problems are associated with consciousness and emotions. As we all know that human possesses consciousness. Consciousness is defined as The ability or state of being aware especially of something within oneself, the state or fact of being conscious of an external object, state, or fact. However it can be used in many different ways. It is occasionally used to refer to our alertness of certain actions or processes that we are conscious of. Sometimes it refers to the ability of awareness of our own selfs and also the way in which we distinguish ourselves to the rest of the world. In the paper Replication of the Hard Problem of Consciousness in AI and Bio-AI: An Early Conceptual Framework by Nicholas Boltuc and Piotr Boltuc they are suggesting that a machine can be equipped with phenomenal consciousness. According to their claim if we know how a phenomenal consciousness works and if we are able to understand its precise operation it is possible to instantiate it in a machine. This is very significant claim; the reason behind this is that if it is true it would discredit the privileged access problem of first-person consciousness. It will cast as an empirical problem of science and not a fundamental question of philosophy. In my personal opinion they did not presented any logical argument about the implementation of human consciousness in a machine. In my personal opinion it is impossible to preclude a machine with human consciousness. We cannot call a computer to be intelligent unless until it does possesses common sense. It is impossible for a computer to adopt common sense because human common sense works on know-how basis. For example, as we know that A Bird in Hand is better than two in the Bush is all related to common sense, yet it is impossible to ride a bicycle through knowledge or by teaching. All we get is our experiences. It is impossible that without experience u will ride a bicycle just by knowing its procedures. It is not because of knowledge that we can eat an apple in darkness. If it is because of knowledge than we would need some parameters to locate our mouth, like the angle of our hand, the position of our mouth, the speed with which our hand is moving etc. All these things we cannot attained without experience.Recent computers are only able to represent things. In my opinion it is difficult to transfer them skills and emotions. This is a large problem in the field of artificial intelligence. Is it possible to mimic intelligence? Is it possible to copy a significant amout of thought and planing to paste it in a computer. In my opinion no such thing exist as to mimic intelligence. I think it is not possible to copy intelligence because still we are not hundred percent able to know that how our minds works. Till now some questions related to brain like its functionings are yet unanswered. There is a doubt about the explanatory power of computers programs, Even though if a program makes a computer capable of what a human can do. For example, like understing and talking English, or describing some images, which forces us to think about a question that whether a computer program is doing it in the same way as we humans are doing. Still its not clear that whether the program is correctly explaning our abilities. As we know that existing computers do not do things as we do, it physical level they employe on transistors, interpreters or compilers, computer follows these instructions blindly and there is no evidance that humans do this. The notion that computers can do in the same way as humans do is systamatically ambiguous. Even it is not possible between two different persons. An arithmatical question calculated by different persons may be same, if they both use the same logarithms, but it will be different if they both are using it in a different bases. This notion does not apply in case of computers because there is no such level for computers at which he do it in the same way as we do it. We cannot say that a pakistani is playing chess in different way than a swedish, because of the fact that the language that is used is different. In case of stratigies both can have different stratigies. It should be noted that every human does not do things in one way they may fallow different ways to approach a problem, whether its all about playing chess, remembering names, soving problems, perceiving faces, or understanding of a particular language. So it is not reasonable to deny that in a computer simulation which is very much complex. I dont think that it is possible to simulate every aspect of human mind to a computer program. How is it possible for a computer to feel thirst, to feel naunsance, sexual desires, the feeling to dance, or the feeling which one gets one he is going to loose his balance while walking on ice, to feel hungry, to feel love, to feel sympathy, to feel proud and a lot more which humans feel. It is not possible to construct a computer that will be capable to feel as humans feel. There are much more peoples who are dreaming for the day to see that mans own thinking creation can take a human form. Who can be a true friend, who will always keep your secrets and will always listen to what ever you say, and it will be your best servant without demanding for leave, or even it can do a lot of things for you from research to minor calculations, all these services without demanding for salaries. There are much more peoples who feels fear because of different possibilities of AI. Espacially the ones who thinks that what will happen if it goes wrong as we have seen it in some of the blockbuster movies. Movies like the Matrix, the teminator, the cyborg, universal soldiers, eye robot and a lot more. They all tells us the stories about when artificial intelligence goes bad. Movie or no movie, all we should worry about is that anything can happen. I am not arguing that what the story writers want to say is correct or incorrect. The fact which all know is that there is a lot of differnce between God made and Human made thing.

Friday, January 17, 2020

Relationships And Communication In A Classroom Education Essay

The schoolroom is comparable to the Broadway phase for so many instructors. It is their topographic point to reflect and stand out in their chosen calling. They both are greeted with an audience, who expect them to execute to the best of their abilities, they are frequently placed under examination but as an perceiver, if we take a measure back, it becomes clear that many factors play a portion in these performing artists shows. Learning is imperative in schoolrooms, it is the instructor ‘s responsibility to guarantee that pupils are larning, nevertheless it is besides of import, that within a schoolroom scene, the instructor besides learns from/ about the pupil. Learning would non take topographic point without communicating in the schoolroom. Often times you hear statements such as â€Å" she knows the content, she merely ca n't learn us † , this is due to a dislocation in communicating between the instructor and their pupils. This dislocation can be a consequence of a hapless teacher-student relationship, which once more affects pupils larning. It is obvious that these three factors are connected with relation to the schoolroom, nevertheless for the intent of this essay, I will discourse each factor separately. I will seek to associate my findings to my capable sphere, Physical Education, and as a consequence, become cognizant of the factors that will act upon acquisition, relationships and c ommunicating in my PE schoolroom. From looking at journal articles, it seems there is rather a positive correlativity between degrees of ego regard and academic accomplishment ( Torres, 1995 ) . Those who are confident and comfy in themselves tend to hold better classs than those enduring with low ego regard. Research has shown that relationships hold an consequence on ego regard. Bowlbey ( 1982 ) identified that pupil ‘s self esteem issues are rooted from place, if a parent-child relationship was secure, caring and supportive, this would hold a positive impact on the young person, therefore increasing their self-pride. Agirdag ( 2012 ) developed this thought farther and identified that pupil ‘s ego regard can increase due to a positive relationship between them and their instructor, taking to an addition in academic public presentation and motive. For this ground, the student-teacher relationship is of the highest importance in schoolrooms. It is critical, as pedagogues that we do our uttermost to better and increase our pupils self esteem as we want each pupil to accomplish their possible. Assorted surveies have looked at what adolescents position as the â€Å" most of import † constituents of self-esteem. They have found that â€Å" physical visual aspect † tops the list, followed by â€Å" societal credence † ( Kutob, 2010 ) . As a preparation physical pedagogue, I feel this is highly of import to our subject and it is an country where we can do a existent impact on pupils. We have the flexibleness within our capable to cater for both constituents, particularly physical visual aspect. As a PE instructor, I will seek to better ego regard and assistance overall pupil development by learning my pupils the healthy manner to do a difference to their visual aspect. Whetestone ( 2007 ) carried out a survey of over 5000 young persons and found that male childs who perceived themselves as either underweight or overweight were significantly associated with self-destructive actions or ideas as were misss who saw themselves as corpulence. Keeping this in hea d, I can present some of my lessons through the course of study theoretical account of â€Å" Health Related Activity † foregrounding the benefits of exercising to them, what is meant by BMI, how to accomplish a healthy BMI etc. I can besides concentrate on nutrition and diet and overall, supply my pupils with the chance and cognition to alter their current behaviors which may be taking to their low ego regard, therefore bettering their ego regard. To heighten my pupil ‘s opinion of societal credence, I will present a strand utilizing the Sport Education course of study theoretical account. This theoretical account will heighten each pupil ‘s engagement within my PE category. Each pupil will be a member of a squad, this will give them with a sense of belonging, assist them develop feelings of individuality, learn that they are of import to their squad and their changeless interaction will better their societal accomplishments. Integrating such theoretical accounts and thoughts into my PE category should ensue in an addition in pupil ‘s ego esteem taking to improved dealingss between the instructor and pupil and besides amongst their equals. Communication within a schoolroom is of import in the overall development of pupils and their acquisition. It is the transportation of information and procedure of making intending for two or more people, it can be carried out through assorted different mediums including face to face, in groups, over the phone etc. ( Regan Morrissey 2012 ) . Within a schoolroom of about 20 five pupils, communicating is cardinal, the instructor must be able to pass on affectively to the category as a whole and besides to each of the pupils as persons. In order for the instructor to retain the categories ‘ attending, they must possess schoolroom direction accomplishments and have the ability to pass on efficaciously to their category utilizing non verbal communicating specifically ( Kyriacou 1997 ) . Non-verbal communicating straight affects a instructor ‘s relationship with their pupils therefore it is really of import for them to be cognizant of the construct of how they can stay an effec tual communicator in a professional mode. Tubbs & A ; Moss ( 2008 ) affirmed that non-verbal communicating can be knowing or unwilled. As an pedagogue, I can implement non-verbal cues in both positive and negative ways in my schoolroom environment. For illustration, with oculus contact, I can scan the schoolroom on a regular footing, oversing the pupil ‘s behavior but besides sing they all feel included in the interaction, therefore maintaining them on undertaking. The opposite can happen if I roll my eyes at a pupil ‘s response, disregarding their efforts, therefore taking to the pupil going disengaged from the lesson. It is of import that I get to cognize my pupils and larn to understand how they are affected by different state of affairss. With pattern, I will larn to maintain an oculus out for pupils non verbal cues as their subconscious actions frequently highlight what they are really experiencing at that clip, be it uncomfortable, embarrassed or otherwise. Student s may be excessively diffident to talk out and allow the instructor know what they are experiencing. This is backed up by research completed by Miller ( 2005 ) who found that gestural signals can besides be used to show feelings that are excessively upseting to province otherwise. In my PE categories, I must be cognizant of the pupils who hate executing presentations in forepart of their equals, they may go really self-aware and bloom, therefore foregrounding their unwilled non-verbal communicating and their undesire to partake in such an activity. The chief precedence in a schoolroom is student larning. Over the last figure of old ages, many course of studies have been farther developed and improved to let for greater pupil larning. Learning in a schoolroom goes beyond a instructor showing information to the pupils and the pupils construing it. Research has shown that non all worlds learn in the same manner. This presents instructors with an obstruction ; they must provide for the demands of each of the scholars in their schoolroom and show the scholars with the necessary information to win, to the best of their ability. Many pupils feel that Physical Education is non of import to their lives ; they do n't bask physical activity, do n't take part in it and do n't believe they of all time will. A batch of them are of the sentiment that PE category is merely a otiose chance to acquire more survey done. I believe the administration and end focal point of the pedagogue has a batch to make with this. We hear of pupil ‘s kicking about PE rather on a regular basis, ‘I ‘m bad at all athleticss so I hate the categories ‘ , nevertheless the course of study has been designed to integrate something for everyone. If the instructor delivers each facet of physical instruction course of study, providing for all types of scholars through usage of the different acquisition schemes, pupils should see great betterments in their PE lessons and thrive on the benefits of holding PE in their lives. To do a cross-curricular comparing, Milner ( 2010 ) conducted a survey and found that through usage of assorted larning schemes, she was able to actuate pupils and convert them of the relevancy of Science to their lives therefore, increasing their acquisition in Science Education. Howard Gardener ( 1983 ) introduced the construct of Seven Multiple Intelligences ( MI ) . He introduced his theory to the instruction sector and argued ; there are seven agencies of intelligence, giving you seven ways to learn, why would you merely utilize one? Gardener believed that instructors should follow the MI theory as a model for presenting their categories. The theory categorised intelligence as ; Logical Mathematical Linguistic Musical Spatial Bodily Kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal Gardener ‘s theory is going of all time more popular among pedagogues due to the important consequences shown by surveies implementing it all over the universe. Kornhaber ( 2001 ) found instructors responded good to Gardener ‘s beliefs as â€Å" the theory validates pedagogues ‘ mundane experience: pupils think and learn in many different ways. † He believed that Gardener ‘s theory gave instructors a model for organizing their course of study and appraisals, and encouraged contemplation which, in clip, will better run into the demands of the pupils. I agree with Komhaber, as I feel it is really of import for pedagogues to oppugn their work and invariably challenge themselves to broaden their focal point and hence, challenge and help their pupils larning. Undertaking SUMIT ( Schools Using Multiple Intelligences Theory ) was carried out in the US in 1999, where research workers examined the performanceA of 41 schools utilizing MI over a three twelvemonth period. Results reported improved standardized trial tonss, reduced disciplinary misdemeanors, increased parent engagement, and increased ability to work with pupils with larning disablements ( Kornhaber, Fierros, & A ; Veenema, 2004 ) . Similarly, a survey conducted by Schirduan and Case ( 2004 ) , found utilizing MI within a school puting displayed successful consequences. However, this survey focused on pupils with ADHD. The pupils were shown to hold high degrees of intelligence outside of the logical and lingual spheres. In many schools, pupils will non hold the chance to expose their intelligence as there are no installations in topographic point for them to make so. As pedagogues we are perpetrating a societal unfairness to our pupils by non supplying them with the chance of booming in whatever intelligence spectrum they fall. As an pedagogue, you want to acquire the best out of each of your pupils. Understanding Gardner ‘s theory will help any instructor who is willing to alter their ways for the benefit of the pupil. I believe his theory is really applicable to Physical Educators and will seek to integrate different elements of the theory into my category so my pupils can stand out in their sphere. I will present visuals into my schoolroom, utilizing video cartridge holders as presentations for invasion games and dance public presentations. I will utilize music in dance and gymnastic exercises to assist pupils maintain beat and express themselves through motion. Team/group work will be encouraged to better interpersonal accomplishments during a assortment of physical and mental undertakings. Task cards will be introduced to provide for those whose strengths lie in the lingual sphere. I will reflect systematically on my lessons, cheque has pupil larning improved and from here develop new attacks that may help the pupils larning farther. Due to the restrictions of the essay size, I have non been able to discourse all the plausible factors that influence the rubric. I did, nevertheless, choose the three factors that I believe have the greatest influence ; self-esteem, multiple intelligences and non-verbal communicating. I provided a elaborate treatment whilst doing mention to the PE environment. In decision, communicating, larning and relationships interlink and accumulate to supply a positive acquisition environment for both the instructor and the pupil. A hiccough in the concatenation can ensue in maximum larning non being attained. Teachers must endeavor to better and retain the positive flow that occurs when the chief factors interlink at the right balance as this is when pupil acquisition is at its greatest. By invariably taking towards a end like this, instructors can stay motivated within their profession and protract their passion for learning.

Thursday, January 9, 2020

It Was My Fault - 862 Words

It was my fault. This time I had lied my way into bed. I needed one last fix, one last high and I couldn’t resist the urge. His name was Max and he was a sex buddy that I met at work. I knew I was going to have sex with him when he walked into the stadium where we worked. I was captivated by his adorable naivety. I knew it was a terrible idea to have sex with a co-worker, but I couldn’t stop thinking of how I would take his innocence. I coerced him into sex and walked off with his virginity. Max broke things off with me after a string of meaningless encounters because he was too afraid of pregnancy. When he told me this, I shrugged my shoulders and told him that I was on birth control. I didn’t care until the condom broke that night. â€Å"Fuck,† I whispered as I looked at my Mother Mary necklace sitting on his desk. I was stupid enough to take it off before we had sex. â€Å"It’s fine Jess,† Max said as he put on his t-shirt. â€Å"You’re on birth control, right?† I stumbled, but shook my head. â€Å"Of course.† I stared at my necklace as put on his shoes. â€Å"Then there’s nothing to worry about.† He went to the bathroom across the hall and came back with a stack of tissues. â€Å"Let’s just be safe and get Plan B,† I said. I took a tissue and wiped myself. The Mother Mary necklace had an eerie sparkle above Mary’s head. He opened his mouth to speak, but I cut him off. â€Å"It’ll guarantee I don’t get pregnant.† â€Å"It should be three dollars right?† he asked. I shrugged my shoulders and grabbedShow MoreRelatedIt Was All My Fault2758 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction It was all my fault. I was just trying to find the light is his eyes again. They used to glisten like a billion stars in the night sky, but over time they became stones, cold and harsh. 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Wednesday, January 1, 2020

President Truman And The Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb

Throughout history there have been many important decisions made by our presidents that have affected our country for the better and for the worse. Even though people claim that they could have made better judgement calls than what have been decided, no one knows exactly what circumstances the president is under when the decisions have to be made. In the case of President Harry Truman and the dropping of the atomic bomb, many speculators say that it was a great way to resolve the war with Japan while others contradict the action. Through time and preparation, President Truman’s courageous decision was an answer to end a crisis and by far one of the best problem solving solutions in American history. President Truman’s bravery in dropping the atomic bomb is and always will be one of the most significant events in American history. At the time of Truman coming into office, he had no previous knowledge of the making of the atomic bomb (Donovan, 1977, p.45). 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Truman s intentions of the atomic bomb were to bring an endRead MoreAtomic Bombs And Its Effects On Japan1369 Words   |  6 PagesCan you imagine how many atomic bombs that have killed many Japanese during, World War II in Japan? On August 6, 1945, a new weapon with a significant explosive power known as the atomic bombs just has been dropped on Japan. The dropping of this weapon on Hiroshima and Nagasaki there were 262,020 civilians were killed. The United States to chose the atomic bomb in order for Japan to surrender and end the war quickly. Likewise, President Truman as the duty as president and Commander in Chief to protectRead MoreThe Atomic Bombs910 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the 20th century, specifically the year 1945, the United States of America had two atomic bombs that the commander and chief, and president at the time, Harry Truman, knew about. President Truman plan was to drop the bombs on two of Japans cities, Hiroshima first and then Nagasaki. Truman’s plans went accordingly, which to this day leads to a very controversial topic on whether or not dropping the atomic bombs was a good or bad thing. There is evidence and reasoning to back up both claims, inRead MoreEssay Pres, Truman Atomic Bomb Decision1421 Words   |  6 PagesPresident Trumans Decision to drop the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki During World War II the war in Europe ended after the unconditional German surrender at General Eisenhowers Headquarters in Reims, France, May 7, 1945. After the unconditional German surrender in Europe the war shifted to Asia and the Pacific. As the war continued against Japan the Allied forces captured islands such as Iwo Jima and Okinaawa close to Japan brought the Japanese homeland within range of naval and airRead MoreThe Manhattan Project1519 Words   |  7 PagesThe process of building the two atomic bombs was long and hard. The Manhattan project employed 120,000 people, and cost almost $2 billion. Although there were 120,000 Americans working on the project only a select group of scientist knew of the atomic bomb development. Vice president Truman never knew about the development of the bombs until he became president. The axis powers did not know what was going on with the development of the atomic bomb; there was a soviet spy in the project. The sovietRead MoreAtomic Bomb in World War II681 Words   |  3 Pagesits focus to the war on the islands and deal with Russia afterwards. Eventually in July of 1945, an end to the pacific theater of war came (V-J day) with the dropping of the two atomic bombs, little boy and fat man, on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The decision to drop the first bomb was made by new president Harry Truman, and was not only used to force Japan into an unconditional surrender, but also to intimidate the Solviet Union. After V-E day, the American focus onRead MoreThe Atomic Bombs in Japan1373 Words   |  6 PagesOn August 6th, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima without any precedent. The explosion viciously destroyed four square miles of the city and killed 90,000 and injured 40,000. (Weber, â€Å"Was Hiroshima Necessary?†) Three days later, a second atomic bomb stroked the city of Nagasaki which killed approximately 37,000 people and injured 43,000 (Weber, â€Å"Was Hiroshima Necessary?†). These actions of the United States still remain controversial today and the United