Hurricane Katrina Analysis And Summary Of Articles1. .

Hurricane Katrina: Analysis and Summary of Articles 1 Hurricane Katrina: Analysis and Summary of Articles Micheal Boor GO125DL Natural Disasters Park University Ms. Jill Lockard 09 April 2017 Hurricane Katrina: Analysis and Summary of Articles 2 Abstract The intent of this paper will be to analyze and summarize scholarly case studies and news articles concerning the flooding caused when Hurricane Katrina made landfall in Louisiana in 2005. Additionally, this paper will provide recommendations for how to prevent events of this magnitude from occurring or offer suggestions to mitigate the effects of flooding through providing government aid at the local, state or federal level. To accomplish this, examples and evidence†¦show more content†¦The follow on program to the Standard Flood Project was instituted by the Federal Emergency Management Agency when they established the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP.) The NFIP effectively reset the assessment for high risk areas to every 100 years vice 500 years. Severe floods in the United States between 1993 and 2006 resulted in further changes to how the government approaches floodplain management versus floodplain Hurricane Katrina: Analysis and Summary of Articles 4 risk. One would assume that the Great Mississippi River flood of 1993 would have been the impetus to energize our government to take the steps to reform our aging flood control infrastructure. However, that was not the case and in 2004 Hurricane Katrina shined a spotlight on our out of date flood control infrastructure. Based on the post-flood analysis of the hurricane the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) found that the entire system was precariously designed at best and that if one component failed it would overwhelm the rest of the system causing a catastrophic failure of the flood controls. One thing the USACE did really well was to create an Interagency Performance Evaluation Task Force (IPET), which acted as an independent group to assist in the fact check of the results from the studies conducted post Katrina. The increased focus on climate change, specifically the ebb and flow of the rainy season in conjunction with how the flood control efforts can play into this is

Arson Paper Free Essays

ARSON†¦ WHAT IS IT? Krystle Lamb Houston Community College Criminal Justice 1301 ABSTRACT Arson is one of the world’s oldest known crimes. It can cost a life or a generous amount of money in damages. Even though it can take a person’s life, arson is classified as a property crime to law enforcement agencies. We will write a custom essay sample on Arson Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is time consuming and very difficult to investigate. Only twenty percent of arrests result in a conviction because it is classified as a â€Å"property crime† rather than a violent crime. The motives of arson range from profit to murder. People who use arson use it because it’s a quick easy act of terrorism to a person or company they are trying to hurt. I believe there should be more and better adequate training for investigators and prosecutors to put away the people that can commit such a crime. The United States has one of the highest fire death rates in the world. In 1998 the â€Å"NFPA reported about 14. 9 deaths per million population. Between 1994 and 1998 about 4,400 Americans died and about 35,100 were injured yearly. Also about 100 firefighters a year lost their lives in their hazardous job related duties. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Arson) Fires kill more Americans a year than natural disasters combined. Arson is the most expensive crime committed, this can be attributed to the several factors which are the lack of education on the problems of arson, and prosecutors do not want to take on the case because of circumstantial evidence, quick payments from insurance companies, and inadequate train ing for investigators. Legal arson is categorized in two categories; aggravated arson and arson. â€Å"Aggravated arson is burning of property while endangering human life. Arson is burning of property that does not include the risk of human life. â€Å" (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Arson) Fire crime scenes begin like any other investigation. The trick is to connect the suspect to the crime. There are clues to determine if a fire is suspicious or not. For example, the color of the flames has to do with the accelerant use. Like alcohol burn with a blue-orange flame. The descriptions are usually gained from the witnesses. The odor of smoke can explain what material was used to start the fire. Before a fire is visible, the smoke can be observed. If the smoke is black then it is petroleum based. If the smoke is a white color the vegetation material was used (hay or straw. ) If the structure is completely engulfed in flames then it is difficult to determine which material was set to burn. The size of the fire gives the investigator information if it was arson or not. For instance, if a building is engulfed in flames in a short period of time, then that might be because of arson. Natural fire tends to burn at a slower steadier pace with a natural pattern but this is circumstantial. One of the articles that I decided to write about was the incident that took place at the beginning of September in Needville, TX. â€Å"It was a fire that burned 400 acres and charred a barn in the Needville area and was intentionally set, officials  said. The blaze started at the corner of a pasture on Foster School Road near Brinkmeyer on Sept. 7, according to the Fort Bend County Sheriff’s  Office. The blaze raced southwest and jumped Baker Road. It also destroyed a facility that housed two vehicles and travel  tailer. More than 100 firefighters from 20 agencies from nearby areas, including the Needville Fire Department, battled the  blaze. In conclusion, arson is a very serious crime and should be taken very seriously when one is criminally charged. Way too much money is lost, as well as the lives of others who are less fortunate. Works Cited Lezon, D. (2011, September, 7). $10,000 reward in arson fire near Needville. The Houston Chronicle. $10,000 reward offered in arson case. Retrieved September 15, 2011 from http://abclocal. o. com/ktrk/story? section=news/crime_tracker;id=8371513 Huge reward offered in Needville arson. Retrieved September 29, 2011 from http://www. fortbendnow. com/2011/09/28/56990 $10K reward out for anyone who turns in serial arsonist in Needville. Retrieved September 22, 2011 from http://www. yourhoustonnews. com/fort_bend/news/reward-out-for-needville-arsonist/article_74e0b30e-5347-5171-9852-b5f9002d0477. html Karki, Sameer , K. (2009, february 13). Arson. Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Arson How to cite Arson Paper, Papers

Duties and Corporate Social Responsiveness

Question: Discuss about the Duties and Corporate Social Responsiveness. Answer: Introduction: This report contains the discussion on Australian case Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Hellicar [2012] HCA 17. We choose this case because in this the actual matter is related to breach of directors duties and officers duties under section 181 of the Corporation Act 2001. In this case, the full bench of the High Court of Australia overturned the decision of NSW Court of appeal and held that all the directors of the company that is seven non-executive directors, company secretary of the company breach their duties towards the company by releasing the statement which is related to misleading announcement to ASX. This case provides better understanding of duties of ASIC duties related to bringing proceedings under Corporation Act 2001 and also the duties of directors towards the company and other regulatory authorities. This case clarifies many other things also such as duties of executive and non executive director, management below the board level, and definition of officers under the act (Czoch Whalebelly, 2012; ABC, 2012). In this first we give brief introduction of the case, then how directors breach their duties towards the company, and we critically ANALYSE the court/tribunal decision and the reason for the decision in view of the Corporations Ac t. At last, we conclude the essay with the brief conclusion. Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Hellicar [2012] HCA 17: Case introduction: In 2007, proceedings under civil penalty were brought by ASIC to NSW Supreme Court against the seven non-executive directors of the company. Out of those seven directors three directors are former executive directors and company secretary of James Hardie Industries Ltd (JHIL) and proceedings against these directors are brought under section 180(1) of Corporation Act 2001. ASIC alleged that directors of the JHIL are failed to exercise due care and diligence for release of information related to share market, and this will result in breach of duties of directors towards the company. In this case NSW Supreme Court decided that seven directors of JHIL breach their duties by approving the misleading announcement made to ASX which stated that trust which is created to compensate the victims of asbestos related diseases have sufficient funds and this trust can meet the all claims related to asbestos in present and future. Later, it was found that this trust was underfunded by $1.5 billion. Court also held that Mr. Shafron as company secretary and general counsel of JHIL breach his duties by failing to advice the board that announcement made to ASX was misleading. For breach of section 180(1) of the Corporation Act 2001 court issue disqualification orders and imposed fines against the directors (High Court of Australia, 2012; Jacobson, 2012). Directors filed appeal against the decision of NSW Supreme Court in NSW Court of Appeal. Directors stated that judge of NSW Supreme Court does not consider the fact that announcement made to ASX is tabled and approved in the meeting of board in February. NSW Court of Appeal allowed the appeal and held that ASIC has not satisfied his burden of proof and court of appeal stated: Resolution related to ASX announcement was passed in meeting of board of directors conducted in February, and this resolution was not accurate and its accuracy is in question especially for the matter of ASX announcement (High Court of Australia, 2012). ASIC failed to call accurate witness, and they are unable in re-calling the events held in the February board meeting of directors. Court of Appeal also held that ASIC owned duty of fairness and they breach their duty by not calling the lawyer of JHIL that is Mr. Robb because he attended the meeting and also prepare the board minutes of that meeting. ASIC failed to call Mr. Robb which result in diminish of cogency of the evidence presented by ASIC. ASIC filed appeal against the decision of NSW Court of Appeal in the High Court of Australia (Lexology, 2012; Time base, 2012). High Court overturned the decision of NSW Court of Appeal, and remaining matters are remitted to the Court of Appeal brought by the directors and other officers related to relief from penalty and liability (news.com. au, 2012). Breach of directors duty: Before discussing the duties of director it is necessary that we discuss section 180 (1) of the Corporation Act 2001 which states that it is the duty of the director or other officers of the company that they must exercise their powers and discharge their duties with due care and diligence that any reasonable person would exercise (Corporation Act 2001). In 2012, High Court of Australia held that by approving the misleading statement made to the ASX which is related to asbestos compensation fund, the 7 non-executive directors of JHIL breach their duties under section 180(1) and 181 of the Corporation Act 2001. Court also held that Peter James Saffron who is the company secretary and general counsel of the company also failed to discharge his duties with due care and diligence related to the announcement made to the ASX that Asbestos compensation trust is fully funded (Lamont 2012). The decision of High Court under this case highlights the duties and accountability of directors for the decision made by the Board, and also it state the responsibility of directors related to the accuracy of statements made by the company to the market. This case state the importance of the need that directors must understand the documents related to the company and representations the made to outsiders even if such documents are complex in nature. Court does not introduce any new law in this case and approach considered by court is not controversial. It is important for directors that they understand the document, and does not fulfill his duties merely on the basis of other directors and experts advice. This case also highlights the challenges for company secretary and other officers of the company regarding following matter (Redmond, 2012). After this case the career and reputation of former directors of James Hardie was ruined, and there is also great loss to the reputation of the company. Besides that there is damage on the market value of the shares of James Hardie which also affect the innocent shareholders of the company. This is clear, that risk taken by the directors of the company in this case by not making actual statement to the ASX to the board and ASX results in great damage to the company and to themselves (Govrick, 2012 : McVeagh, 2012). If management fails to provide accurate and complete information to the directors of the company then it does not mean that directors are free from the responsibility. Therefore, it is necessary for directors that they keep their eyes open and discharge their duties with due care and diligence (Casson, 2011). Decision of High Court: The High Court of Australia overturned the decision made by NSW Court of Appeal in which court of appeal stated that ASIC has failed to satisfy the burden of proof lien on him related to announcement made to ASX in February board meeting was tabled ad approved. High Court also stated that minutes of board meeting are record which are formal in nature and stated the proceedings of the meeting and these minutes are the true evidence of what happened at the meeting. Therefore, ASX announcement was tabled and approved at the meeting. Argument of directors stated that minutes of the meetings are not reliable because these minutes are prepared before the board meeting and these minutes are not accurate was rejected by the High Court. High court stated that this was great coincidence that not even single individual who was presented in the board meeting of April in which minutes of February board meeting was approved notice that minutes contained resolution which was not even passed in the meeting. In the words of the High Court respondents case would be a great blunder because recording such an important resolution in the minutes even if such resolution never passed in the meeting (Tam, 2012). High Court further held that there are some differences in the draft that was tabled in the February board meeting and amendments was made in the announcement made ASX but these amendments are not substantive and especially the misleading statements are same. High court also stated that ASX announcement was circuited and not even single individual raise question against that announcement which shows that announcement was tabled and approved by the directors of the company in the meeting of board of directors. On the finding of the NSW Court of Appeal that ASIC failed to call Mr. Rob diminish the Cogency of Evidence of ASIC, and ASIC agrees that this was general obligation of ASIC to act fairly. On these findings High Court held that: NSW Court of Appeal does not identify any source which imposes duty to call the particular evidence, and also not any source which stated any rule was applied in case of breach. Even if any source existed which impose duty to call specific witness then it was expected that primary judge direct the ASIC to call such witness or primary judge stay the proceeding of this case until ASIC call such witness. There is no provision which stated that cogency of evidence is diminished by not calling that particular witness (Austlii, 2012). The High Court rejected the decision of Court of Appeal on the basis of principles stated in Blatch v Archer and Jones v Dunkel. This case is not depend on the witness but it was depend on the Board minutes of February Board meeting. In this case High Court allowed the appeal of ASIC with cost and set aside the order of NSW Court of Appeal in relation Mr. Hellicar. High Court overturned the decision of NSW Court of Appeal, and remaining matters are remitted to the Court of Appeal brought by the directors and other officers related to relief from penalty and liability (Boardman Lees, 2012; Kemp Strang, 2012). All the judges held that Court of Appeal does not give sufficient importance to the board minutes of February Board Meeting, whereas Section 251A states that it is necessary for the company that it maintains the minutes book of the meetings and record the proceeding of the meetings within 1 month of the meeting. This section also state that minutes must be signed by the chair or reasonable authority, and these minutes are evidence of the proceedings to which it relates. Contravention of this section is criminal offence. Therefore, high court consider the minutes of February Board Meeting as evidence to the fact that draft of ASX announcement was tabled and approved by the board (Austin, Standen Reynolds, 2012). The impact of this decision raise many questions such as whether it is right that directors of the company lies on the advice of experts and management and whether it is not possible for the company secretary to divide his task from the role of company secretary or general counsel (Austlii, 2012). Conclusion: In this case, we understand the obligations and duties of directors related to the representations made by the company to the outsiders. It is important that directors discharge their duties with due care and diligence. This case not only impacts the reputation of former directors of the company and company itself but also affect the innocent shareholders of the company. In this case, High Court overturned the decision of NSW Court of Appeal, and remaining matters are remitted to the Court of Appeal brought by the directors and other officers related to relief from penalty and liability. This decision of High Court highlights the importance of directors duty and their impact on the company. Therefore, it is clear from the above facts that directors are responsible for the decisions made by board. This case also state the importance of minutes held by the company and considered them proper and good evidence of the matter related. At last, we conclude the essay by saying that ASIC v Hellicar case leaves number of question marks on the working of directors and other officers of the company. References: Czoch, K. Whalebelly, R. (2012). The James Hardie Decisions: ASIC v Hellicar Ors [2012] HCA17; Shafron v ASIC [2012] HCA 18. Retrieved on 22nd December 2016 from: https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/176336/Directors+Officers+Executives+Shareholders/The+James+Hardie+Decisions+ASIC+v+Hellicar+Ors+2012+HCA17+Shafron+v+ASIC+2012+HCA+18. High Court of Australia, (2012). AUSTRALIAN SECURITIES AND INVESTMENTS COMMISSION v MEREDITH HELLICAR ORS [2012] HCA 17. Retrieved on 22nd December 2016 from: https://www.hcourt.gov.au/assets/publications/judgment-summaries/2012/hcasum17_ASIC_v_Hellicar.pdf. Jacobson, D. (2012). ASIC V HELLICAR: LIABILITY OF COMPANY DIRECTORS (JAMES HARDIE). Retrieved on 22nd December 2016 from: https://www.brightlaw.com.au/asic-v-hellicar-liability-of-company-directors-james-hardie/. High Court of Australia, (2012). AUSTRALIAN SECURITIES AND INVESTMENTS COMMISSION v MEREDITH HELLICAR ORS [2012] HCA 17. Retrieved on 22nd December 2016 from: https://eresources.hcourt.gov.au/downloadPdf/2012/HCA/17. Lexology, (2012). The decision: ASIC v Hellicar Ors. Retrieved on 22nd December 2016 from: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=c02498f5-ec3a-4514-af79-0d8982db328a. Time Base, (2012). ASIC v Hellicar Others James Hardie directors lose to ASIC in High Court. Retrieved on 22nd December 2016 from: https://www.timebase.com.au/news/2012/AT169-article.html. Corporation Act 2001-s180(1). Lamont, L. (2012). Hardie directors breached duties: High Court. Retrieved on 22nd December 2016 from: https://www.smh.com.au/business/hardie-directors-breached-duties-high-court-20120503-1y0cu.html. Redmond, P. (2012). Directors duties and corporate social Responsiveness. Retrieved on 22nd December 2016 from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UNSWLawJl/2012/13.pdf. Govrick, D. T. (2012). The James Hardie case: risk, reputation and business ethics Retrieved on 22nd December 2016 from: https://www.ethics.org.au/on-ethics/blog/june-2012/the-james-hardie-case-risk,-reputation-and-busines. McVeagh, R. (2012). Corporate Advisory Legal Update. Retrieved on 22nd December 2016 from: https://www.russellmcveagh.com/Publications/ViewPublication/tabid/176/Title/directors-duties-james-hardie/pid/83/Default.aspx. Casson, J. (2011). Directors Duties What was the James Hardie Appeal About. Retrieved on 22nd December 2016 from: https://www.holmanwebb.com.au/blog/directors-duties-what-was-the-james-hardie-appeal-about. Corporation Act 2001-s251A. Austin, R. Standen, M. Reynold, C. (2012). The High Court decides the James Hardie Case. Retrieved on 22nd December 2016 from: https://www.minterellison.com/files/uploads/Documents/Publications/Alerts/NA_20120509_JamesHardieDecision.pdf. Tam, K. (2012). The sting for General Counsel in the James Hardie decisions - Shafron v ASIC and ASIC v Hellicar. Retrieved on 22nd December 2016 from: https://www.hunthunt.com.au/SiteMedia/w3svc1265/Uploads/Documents/Shafron%20decisionMay2012.pdf. Austlii, (2012). Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Hellicar; Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Brown; Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Gillfillan; Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Koffel; Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Terry; Australian Securities and Investments Commission v O'Brien; Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Willcox; Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Shafron [2012] HCA 17 (3 May 2012). Retrieved on 22nd December 2016 from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/2012/17.html. Austlii, (2012). "Shafron v Australian Securities and Investments Commission (2012) 286 ALR 612" [2012] UTasLawRw 16; (2012) 31(2) University of Tasmania Law Review 155. Retrieved on 22nd December 2016 from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UTasLawRw/2012/16.html. Boardman, P. Lees, J. (2012). James Hardie Directors Approved Misleading ASX Release. Retrieved on 22nd December 2016 from: https://www.wottonkearney.com.au/downloads/case%20note%20-%20james%20hardie%20directors%20approved%20for%20misleading%20asx%20release.pdf. Kemp strang, (2012). James Hardie decisions - implications for general counsel and company secretaries. Retrieved on 22nd December 2016 from: https://www.kempstrang.com.au/publication/james-hardie-decisions-implications-general-counsel-and-company-secretaries. ABC, (2012). James Hardie directors breached duties: court. Retrieved on 22nd December 2016 from: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-05-03/high-court-rules-in-favour-of-asic-in-hardie-case/3987196?pfmredir=sm. News.com.au, (2012). High Court rules in favour of ASIC in James Hardie case. Retrieved on 22nd December 2016 from: https://www.news.com.au/finance/markets/high-court-rules-in-favour-of-asic-in-james-hardie-case/news-story/b1c4798daec37297c54e7cc80f650ca8.

Walking Reduces Stress free essay sample

Many think the only thing walking can help people with is their physical health. For instance, most people who walk do it to lose weight, or maybe just to be more active in their daily lives. Not many realize that walking can benefit their mental. Walking can put people in a better mood, and it can help clear the tension they are feeling. Overall walking is a really good way to reduce stress. An article titled â€Å"Healthy Steps† by Kevin Sykes, from Occupational Health, discusses the health benefits of walking. Results of studies conducted worldwide show that walking can improve mental well-being, help reduce stress, reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes, reduce body fat, and more. Furthermore, aerobic exercise is strongly associated with reduced mortality rates for both older and younger adults. The article states that in Europe, they are trying to increase more walking among the children and workers, to increase their performance and mood. We will write a custom essay sample on Walking Reduces Stress or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The article goes on to say that regular exercise is one of the best physical stress-reduction techniques available. It helps relax tense muscles and it helps you sleep. Exercise speeds up the flow of blood through the brain and causes the release of endorphins, which give off a feeling of happiness and well-being. The best way to achieve an increase in positive mood appears to be through moderate intensity exercise, such as brisk walking. High intensity exercise often leads to an increase in tension anxiety and fatigue. Also, if the intensity exercise is too low, less mood modification occurs. Walking has also been shown to improve self-esteem, relieve symptoms of depression and anxiety, and improve mood. Walking, particularly in pleasant surroundings and with other people, offers many opportunities for relaxation and social contact. Just a 30-minute brisk walk on most days of the week will do wonders to your health and well-being.   Another article that discusses how walking reduces stress is, â€Å"Walk on the Wild Side† by Mary Claire Mason, from Nursing Standard. The article starts off by saying that a doctor named William Bird, discovered that when his patients walked outdoors, it lowered their blood pressure, they lost weight, and it reduced the need for diabetes medication. With the help of the  British Trust for Conservation Volunteers, Dr. Bird started the ‘green gym’, where people improved their fitness by working outdoors with others. It was a way for people to get more active, de-stress, and to combat depression. A study found that those who lived longer and had less cardiovascular disease had greater access to green space. It was found that walking outdoors was better than walking indoors. When they entered the green space, their blood pressure and muscle tension dropped within two minutes. Nature calms people down, just looking at pictures of plants were found to make an impact on peoples blood pressure. Just taking a walk through nature could do wonders for people. In my opinion the first article really helped me understand how walking helps relieve stress. I liked how it said that going for a brisk walk is one of the best prescriptions a doctor could recommend for reducing anxiety. Furthermore, I found it interesting that employers and schools were promoting walking, just to get a better attitude and a better job from the employees and students. The second article did not focus on walking too much. It mainly concentrated on the effect that nature has on the human brain. I did find it interesting that peoples stress went down more walking outside, through nature, then it did inside. I also liked how the doctor told his patients to go walking, and it actually did help them. The information from both of these articles can really help improve a person’s stress level. The first article tells us that reducing ones stress is just as simple as taking a 30-minute brisk walk. In addition to that, the article also says that just by walking a person can reduce their risk of many health problems, and he or she can also lose weight by walking. The second article, about the nature walks, also states that just by walking through nature a person can reduce their levels of stress. From both of these article people can learn that just by walking they are helping themselves stay both physically and mentally fit. Works Cited Mason, Mary Claire. Walk on the Wild Side. Nursing Standard 23.42 (2009): 20-22. Academic Search Premier. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. Sykes, Kevin. Healthy Steps. Occupational Health 61.9 (2009): 40-43. Academic Search Premier. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. Birbach 1

Communication In Health And Social Care Organisations Social Work Essays

Communication In Health And Social Care Organisations Social Work Essays Communication In Health And Social Care Organisations Social Work Essay Communication In Health And Social Care Organisations Social Work Essay Language in peculiar and communicating in general, permeates every facet of peoples lives. It is of import in everything that a individual does, in whatever profession an person might be in. It fosters greater apprehension every bit good the possibility of set uping better relationships between the parties which are pass oning. This paper seeks to turn to the issue by the proviso of the theories of communicating which are applicable in wellness and societal attention, how to utilize effectual communicating accomplishments in such a context, methods of covering with inappropriate communicating patterns, schemes for effectual communicating, and the benefits and necessitate to be engaged in effectual and efficient communicating patterns, particularly in the context of the said profession. The writer will qualify important factors which are assumed to be extremely influential in the procedure of communicating include civilization, values, statute laws, and other ordinances which govern the pattern of the profession. The writer will besides supply suggestions on how the communicating procedure can be improved so that it can be more utile in the field of wellness and societal attention. Furthermore, the writer will discourse the criterion package which are used by the wellness and societal workers in their profession, an analysis of the benefits which were brought approximately by such applications, provide an analysis of how such engineering enhances activities in the profession, and measure the legal considerations which are critical to be understood in the application of the information and communicating engineering. The writer will further discourse the nature of the workplace where the writer is working. The organisation provides attention services for clients with physical and mental disablements and for clients with dementedness. Four theoretical attacks in the pattern of wellness and societal attention will be highlighted in this subdivision: psychodynamic, behaviorist, humanistic and cognitive. The chief foundation of the psychodynamic theory to communicating is grounded on the plants of Sigmund Freud. This does non affect merely a individual theory but stems to a figure of other theories which were all grounded on the foundations of the work of Freud. This theory combines those which are associated to mind which includes non merely the head but the full inner feelings, ideas and experiences and kineticss which refer to the impression that mind is non stable, instead active. Harmonizing to this theory, communicating with the person s ego is really critical as it is the foundation of that individual s communicating patterns to others. One of the basic premises on this theory is that the person is the writer of his ain history ; hence, the person s earliest experiences form the foundations of how that ind ividual trades with others. Such can be modified along the procedure. Another basic premise is that the single lives in two universes at the same clip, internal and external. The internal universe is unconscious while the external is controlled. The theory besides assumes that all behavior is logical and acted upon with intent. These factors are extremely influential with how the single communicates in wellness and societal attention puting ( Ellis et al. , 2003 ) . Another theory which can be noted is the behaviorist theory. The chief foundation of this theory is the impression that all behavior is mostly based on learnt responses about specific stimulations. This can be able to explicate the method of linguistic communication acquisition such as that of the imitative response wherein the baby imitates the sound which is made by the wellness or societal professional, who, on the other manus, reinforces the behavior of the baby. This theory focuses on behavior and foreground the present and the hereafter ( Ellis et al. , 2003 ) . The 3rd theory which will be considered in this paper is the humanistic attack. Under this theory, the individual is the high spot of involvement rejecting the significance of behavior and the unconscious urges which result from the past. Two of the theories which are under this attack are the person-centred theory and the transactional analysis. The former high spots the importance of childhood and current experiences in life while the latter reiterates the significance of personality, kid development, societal psychological science, and abnormal psychology ( Sully A ; Dallas, 2005 ) . Harmonizing to Carl Rogers ( 1902-1987 ) , Peoples are basically trusty, that they have a huge potency for understanding themselves and deciding their ain jobs without direct intercession on the healer s portion, and that they are capable of autonomous growing if they are involved in a specific sort of curative relationship. In relation to wellness attention context, the end of this theory is to do the clients go more unfastened in their ain personal experience, to accept themselves in all facet, and to minimise things that might dispute their construct of ego. To accomplish this, there must be a good relationship between the healer and the client. The healer must be realistic but non violative, accepting but critical to the misconduct of the client. Trust between the healer and the client is of import so the client will non experience societal distance graduated table. It is fundamentally understanding and accepting the client as a whole being, non judging the client s drosss. The 4th is the societal cognitive theory. Harmonizing to Bandura ( 1986 ) , persons obtain more information through experimental acquisition. At place, how a parent would foster their kid can be an environmental factor that influences the kid the manner he behaves. Learning starts from the place whereby a kid imitates the people around him. Behaviour so is being shaped and as the kid grows ; his natural wonder is reinforced by his motive to larn. The societal cognitive theory explains the interaction between the individual and the environment which involves cognitive competences such as accomplishment that are developed and modified by societal influences and constructions within the environment such as parents and society. Use OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS There are many ways to pass on ; it could be verbal, non-verbal, composing and listening. Verbal communicating is used when giving information or making preparations, on the telephone, manus over and when speaking face to face with a client. For verbal communicating, there are things to see like the tone of voice, pitch and speak on the same degree, neer talk with your dorsum on your client. Non-verbal communicating is used for clients who have trouble hearing, deaf and deaf-and-dumb person. Factors to bear in head are facial look, manus gestures, physical visual aspect and organic structure position. Aidss that might assist communicating are the usage of symbols, image cards and communicating board or composing tablet. The art of good hearing is practiced by allowing the clients speak in their ain gait and giving them clip to show themselves. Transmission of information becomes effectual by acquiring the message across clearly and reflects on how the message was conveyed. The benefits of effectual and efficient communicating accomplishments in the pattern of wellness and societal attention can be highlighted by how it is used in the profession. One of the utilizations of communicating in this field is to further the growing and development of the pattern. It must be noted that communicating does non merely exist between the wellness professional and the client. It is besides apparent between wellness professionals themselves. Communication can be used in this field to be assured that advanced thoughts, tendencies, and best patterns are shared amongst the health care professionals and societal workers for the improvement of their profession ( Santy A ; Smith, 2007 ) . Communication can besides be used in the context of wellness and societal attention to be able to advance an protagonism. This sort of communicating is frequently utilised in mediums like advertizements on print and other channels. The usage of media for wellness publicity runs is really convincing that people understand healthy life and what is best for them. Last, it has besides been noted that communicating can be used in the wellness and societal attention puting to be able to further partnership with clients or patients, handle them with regard, provide patients with self-esteem, proviso of practical aid and advice sing their status, stimulate their rational development, better the client s sense of self-being or dignity, fulfill the physical, emotional, and societal demands of the patients and to be antiphonal of their demands ( Haworth A ; Forshaw, 2002 ) . Dealing WITH INAPPROPRIATE INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION To be able to harvest the benefits of a good communicating pattern, wellness and societal workers must be able to properly trade with any inappropriate communicating patterns. For case, any barrier to communicating should be resolved as such can ensue into misinterpretation in the professional pattern. An illustration of a factor which can be a hinderance to good communicating pattern would be civilization and linguistic communication itself. Professionals in the field of wellness and societal attention should see to it that both parties understand each other, particularly when determination devising is involved. The usage of slangs should be limited as it can take into inappropriate communicating taking into misconstruing. Another factor which can be considered as an inappropriate pattern in communicating in the context of wellness and societal attention is privateness. Patients are private persons, their records should hence be held with confidentiality and there should be no prese nce of breach of contract as good between practicians or professionals. Health and societal workers have the built-in responsibility to non unwrap any information without the cognition of all the parties which are concerned. The deficiency of trust of the patient to the medical worker can besides be a barrier to effectual communicating. Last, the deficiency of cognition can besides function as another barrier to communicating ( King A ; Wheeler, 2007 ) . Scheme TO SUPPORT USERS To be able to be potentially engaged in efficient and effectual communicating patterns, as a carer Assorted FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE COMMUNICATION PROCESS IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE VALUES AND CULTURE Two of the factors which are assumed to be extremely influential in the communicating procedure, specifically in the field of wellness and societal attention, are values and civilization. These may include factors which are related in demographics such as age, gender, race, educational and economic position, and besides beliefs, among others. Culture, which can be defined as the identifiable incorporate form of human behavior that includes imposts, beliefs, values, behaviors, and communications ( Servellen, 1997 ) , is said to be extremely influential in this field fundamentally because they arise from about every group that are involved in the communicating procedure. In undertaking the issue of civilization and its influence in the communicating procedure, one of the factors which should be understood are the sub-groups, for case, Asiatic. Among the Asiatic civilizations, people from different states have assorted attacks to pass oning. For case, in the Vietnamese civilization, s peaking is customary. Professionals who are working with people who are accustomed to the Vietnamese civilization must be able to take such cultural factor into history so that the communicating procedure can be carried out more expeditiously and more handily. Another factor which should be understood on this note is cultural individuality. One of the inclusions in this individuality is the fact that all people are influenced by cultural scheduling which makes it indispensable to hold an apprehension of that civilization so that communicating can be carried out better ( Servellen, 1997 ) . As mentioned earlier, one of the dimensions of civilization and values which influence the communicating procedure is gender. Men and adult females are of course equipped with differences and such can be reflected in the manner they engage themselves into the procedure of communicating. Having different communicating manners base on gender, reading may besides change in both sexes. Health and societal workers should be cognizant of these differences so that they will be sensitive on how to cover with each patient or client. One of the key to understand these differences is to be an active hearer so that the professional can be able to better understand the patient. The same is true with age and ethnicity. Communication with aged should be done on a different attack wherein the wellness or societal worker should show more regard. A different attack is besides given when pass oning with the younger 1s. Furthermore, each nationality besides has different attacks to communicating. Some v erbal and non-verbal communicating techniques might be appropriate for other civilizations while it may turn out to be rude for some. These should be understood clearly so that there will be no misunderstanding and confusion with respects to the transmittal of the message ( Basavanthappa, 2004 ) . LEGISLATION, CHARTERS, AND CODES OF PRACTICE Despite the fact that communicating in the field of wellness and societal attention is extremely influenced by civilization and values, it has besides influenced the being and judicial admissions which are provided by statute laws, charters, and codifications of pattern. The establishment is frequently left with no option but to follow such judicial admissions as it is a legal demand in the context of their pattern. One of the most of import factors by which statute laws and charters influence communicating techniques can be demonstrated by the fact that such allows the proviso of equality. The bing Torahs which govern the pattern of wellness and societal attention are based on the rule of equality which does non let favoritism of any party, be it a patient or a wellness or societal worker. For case, statute laws such as those which provide just employment, sex favoritism Acts of the Apostless, race dealingss, and others are some of the Torahs which demonstrate and influence in professional pattern. These Torahs serve as the foundation of the behavior of the healthcare professional and organize the footing of how they act and how they communicate. The serious effects of traveling against such statute laws will be undeniably a critical factor in the observation of a good communicating pattern ( Cambridge Training A ; Development, 2000 ) . The Data Protection Act 1984 is a good illustration which demonstrates statute laws in good communicating pattern in the field of wellness and societal attention. This can be able to supply protection to information which are assumed confidential and should be used entirely for the intents known by the individuals involved. Service users could perchance show loss of trust from the service suppliers if confidential information are leaked doing it of import for Torahs to supply protection for such. Certain statute laws are besides made available to supply equality and anti-discrimination in the workplace. These factors are extremely influential in determining the communicating pattern and activities of people in wellness and societal attention ( Moonie, 2005 ) . Furthermore, the judicial admissions in the codification of pattern and moralss in a certain establishment are besides extremely influential in communicating patterns particularly in consideration of the fact that they can impact confidentiality and privateness of information. For case, the usage and entree to the cyberspace for wellness and societal workers are frequently limited and defined by codifications of behavior, depending upon the establishment, to be assured of good communicating patterns and work moralss. The usage of other technological AIDSs can besides be regulated by bing regulations and ordinances to be able to protect the rights of the establishment, the workers, the patients, and the populace in general ( Martin, 2003 ) . ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEMS AND POLICIES For all concerned parties to be engaged in effectual and efficient communicating patterns, one factor which can be considered as indispensable would be effectual organisational systems and policies. These systems and policies will be able to determine the communicating activities and will do it more appropriate and meaningful. Health and societal attention establishments need to develop systems and policies which can further good communicating. This can include factors which are related to certification, information systems, constitution of processs and patterns. For case, the development of a dynamic and advanced information system can show effectivity and efficiencies in the assorted activities which are undertaken. In the absence of such systems, it will be extremely impossible to convey and portion information which might turn out to be important in the profession. For case, at Ashleigh Court Rest Home, policies are purely implemented. Stated below are some of the policies that t he place adheres with: Whistle Blowing Policy this papers has been written to follow with the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998, which was introduced to protect employees who blow the whistling about any error. The policy gives clear counsel to all members of staff sing the right process for conveying to attending any error or suspected wrongdoing which they feel could impact the repute of the place, other members of staff, visitants, occupants or any other organisation or individuals connected with the place. The policy outlines committedness to openness and good communications. Strong-arming In The Workplace The place believes that all staff have the right to work in an environment that is free from strong-arming, torment or bullying, from either co-workers or direction. The place seeks to enable staff to bask their work and carry through their personal and professional potency, by making and prolonging a stimulating and supportive work environment. It is recognised that staff who feel powerless, vulnerable or even persecuted will non be able to give of their best work or work successfully. Prevention of Accidents The place to the full accepts the duty to guarantee that all sensible stairss and safeguards are taken to supply and keep safe and healthy working conditions, which comply with all statutory demands and codifications of pattern. The place to the full supports and complies with the relevant National Minimum Standards and Regulations, which relate to the publicity and protection of the wellness, safety and public assistance of service users and staff. It is recognised, nevertheless, that even in the safest of working environments, accidents will happen, from clip to clip. Where and when this does go on, the Registered Providers ( employers ) will stay by the demands of The Health and Safety at work Act 1974. As such, employers must, by jurisprudence, notify certain classs of accidents, specified instances of sick wellness and specified unsafe happenings to the Health and Safety Executive or the Local Authority to follow with the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 ( RIDDOR ) . By set abouting these presentments, the place will non merely be run intoing the legal demands but will be able to find local spiels and causes of accidents, so that preventative steps can be put in topographic point to forestall return. A written record such as Accident/Incident Report will be kept, of any accident, nevertheless minor, which occurs in the place. Policy on Racial Harassment Every Service User has the right to populate and every staff member has the right to work in the place without the menace of racial torment, favoritism or maltreatment. Any happenings of this nature will non be tolerated and culprits will be capable to disciplinary processs. The place to the full upholds the rules and counsel of the Race Relations Act 1976 and the Protection from Harassment Act 1997. Racial torment is any behavior, deliberate or otherwise, refering to race, coloring material, cultural or national beginning, which is unwanted by the receiver and creates an intimidating, hostile or violative environment. It may include racialist gags or abuses, opprobrious remarks about racial beginnings and clamber coloring material and ridicule of an person on cultural and/or spiritual evidences. IMPROVING COMMUNICATION PROCESS Health and societal workers must be perpetually engaged in the betterment and development of the communicating procedure to be better in their profession. One of the ways by which such can be improved is through the proviso of security of information. In this manner, privateness and confidentiality can be achieved and it can to assist forestall any misinterpretation and confusion in the communicating procedure. Furthermore, the communicating procedure can besides be improved through the proviso of dynamic and sustainable regulations which relate to certification, presentation, and usage of end products and studies so that their intent can be maximized by its users and suppliers. The proviso of technological AIDSs and communicating tools can besides assist better such procedure. Furthermore, the followers are other ways by which communicating can be improved in the wellness and societal attention puting: supply communicating entree to individuals with troubles ; be cognizant of the as sorted communicating barriers and develop schemes by which they can be minimized or reduced at an acceptable degree ; teach workers about moralss and values related to communicating patterns ; and strict preparation and instruction to heighten workers cognition about effectual and efficient communicating. There is a demand to do service suppliers understand what are the procedures and activities involved in the complex communicating procedure and the demand to learn them to be active hearers. By making the earlier mentioned, the wellness and societal attention workers can hold an improved communicating procedure and it can further greater apprehension and construct better relationships between suppliers and users ( Malone, 2005 ) . EXPLORING THE USE OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE STANDARD I.T. Software The activities in the proviso of wellness and societal service would non be possible to transport in the absence of assorted I.T package and applications. Some of these include: word-processing, spreadsheets, presentations, cyberspace, intranet, and electronic mail. These tools are assumed to hold critical significance in the profession as it helps in the completion of daily activities in the organisation. Word processing is of import because it allows the creative activity, redacting, reading, and amendment of assorted paperss which might turn out to be critical with wellness and societal attention work. If these paperss are handwritten, there is no signifier of standardisation and it will be difficult to understand every bit good as excessively slow to carry through. Therefore, word processing is considered as one of the most important I.T. package bundle as it allows easiness in work and reduces the strength of labor in the creative activity of paperss. Spreadsheet, on the other manus, allows them to make mathematical computations with easiness as it has formulas which can do their plants easier while presentations allow them to fix and present ocular presentations in order to pass on better. The cyberspace and intranet is besides a good tool as it allows connectivity between the web of users within the organisation and through the Earth utilizing the cyberspace. Last, e-mailing wou ld let them to interchange information within each other and portion paperss in the workplace ( Cook, 2006 ) . One of the most advanced application of information and communicating engineering in the field of wellness and societal attention is through telecare which is a business-to-consumer service proviso without personal interaction as it merely completed on channels such as telephones and computing machines. This includes services which are related to wellness and societal attention such as machine-controlled assignment reminders and client monitoring services at place. Traditionally, these things are done by trained professionals at the client s place until the origin of engineering which defies distance and allows greater interaction between the users and suppliers ( Niman et al. , 2006 ) . BENEFITS OF USING ICT The usage of information and communicating engineering would hold non proliferated in the field of wellness and societal attention if it did non conveying legion benefits and advantages to the organisation, users, suppliers, and the general populace. One of the benefits is the truth of records. Because of the usage of the assorted applications of information and communicating engineering, it will be easier to hold readily available information about the status of the client and it will be easier for the staff to supply an reply to the concerns of the patients. The wellness professionals are besides able to bask the benefits of information and communicating engineering because such allows them to hold safe, modern, and speedy IT systems which can assist them in their modus operandi, it allows them to use clip more expeditiously, and it allows the possibility of distant monitoring ( Gillies, 2006 ) . Information and communicating engineering is besides good in the field of wellness and societal attention because it allows the possibility of run intoing single demands, it provides easiness in the disposal of intervention processs, it makes the administrative patterns more efficient, records and certification can be more accurate, it fosters better communicating, and it promotes independency. Information and communicating engineering besides provides coaction among users and suppliers which necessarily leads into more efficient service bringing ( Leathard, 2003 ) . ENHANCING ACTIVITIES OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE WORKERS Information and communicating engineering demonstrates the possibility of heightening the activities by which wellness and societal attention workers are engaged. This is assumed to be done through the undermentioned ways: efficiency in concern disposal, run intoing the demands of the employees, bettering the quality of service, answerability, and run intoing what is required from them. Because of information and communicating engineering, the field of wellness and societal work is able to see increased efficiency. The usage of assorted tools associated to such signifier of engineering has allowed them to be engaged into better patterns in their profession. For case, the cyberspace and the intranet, along with the methods by which certification has improved, are all seen as extremely contributory to the betterment of concern disposal. Service has besides seen a dramatic betterment because of the applications of the said engineering. Because of such, it is easier to entree records and information, although such has besides been limited by bing statute laws to protect privateness and to advance confidentiality. Legislation To be assured that the usage of information and communicating engineering is maximized and non damaging to the society, certain statute laws, both internal and external to the company besides exist to regulate information and communicating patterns in the field of wellness and societal attention. The Data Protection Act provides limitations and restrictions on the usage and entree of personal information, particularly those of the clients or the patients. Some of this information includes personal information, medical records, intervention history, and recognition information. Record maintaining is really of import and should non be underestimated. Disclosing of information is tantamount to breach of confidentiality. Furthermore, another statute law which is assumed to be important in the usage of information and communicating engineering is the Entree to Personal Files Act 1987 which stipulates general considerations with respects to entree to personal information, specifically those informations which relate to societal services. In add-on to these statute laws, Access to Medical Reports Act 1988 has besides been provided to give right to entree into medical studies for the intent of employment or for insurance. The client, under this statute law, is besides endowed with the right to see the information before it is supplied and can besides be capable for rectification. Last, another of import statute law is the Access to Health Records Act 1990 which is more concerned about records which could be accessed manually. It gives the client or any other representative the right of entree to medical records, in whatever signifier, electronic or manual ( Jones A ; Jenkins, 2004 ) . Furthermore, to ma intain information within the bounds of the workplace, delivery of storage devices are besides limited so as the suppliers can non reassign any information about the service users which can be leaked and used for intents which are non under the consent of the parties concerned ( Moss, 2008 ) . RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS Technology has brought a figure of benefits realized in the wellness and societal attention sector such as run intoing the person needs, easiness of disposal of processs, doing efficient administrative patterns, accurate certification, and furthering a more dynamic communicating pattern. Information and communicating engineering besides enhances activities of wellness and societal worker such as by bettering efficiency of service, answerability, and quality of end products. To be able to prosecute in a more meaningful communicating pattern, there is a demand to be cognizant and to understand the bing differences in civilization and values because they will be able to further better relationships. There is a demand for uninterrupted betterment procedure in communicating by being able to place ways by which such could be improved. The wellness and societal attention sector needs to place, without a arrest, ways by which communicating can be improved, so that the profession, in general, can besides be improved.

Hell-bent and Hell-for-leather

Hell-bent and Hell-for-leather Hell-bent and Hell-for-leather Hell-bent and Hell-for-leather By Maeve Maddox A reader has asked about the expression hell-bent for leather. The expression fuses â€Å"hell-bent† with another expression, â€Å"hell-for-leather.† The bent in hell-bent is the past participle of the verb to bend, a word with at least 23 definitions in the OED. To be â€Å"bent on something† is to be determined to do a specific thing. Ex. He was bent upon becoming Prime Minister. She was bent on proving him wrong. One of the meanings of â€Å"to bend† is â€Å"to go in a certain direction.† Literally, then, to be â€Å"hell-bent† would mean â€Å"going in the direction of hell.† The way we use it, to be â€Å"hell-bent on something† means to be wholeheartedly determined to get something done. The OED gives these citations: 1731 Ab-origines in Arms..did then resort, In Haste to Susquehanna Fort, Hell bent on Thoughts of Massacree. 1835 A large encampment of savages,..‘hell-bent on carnage’. 1891The state of Texas, or at least its legislature, went hell-bent for the reform of railroads. The OED defines â€Å"hell-bent† as both adjective and adverb: hell-bent: adj.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Usually in predicative use, with on, upon, or infinitive. Determined to achieve something at all costs; passionately or recklessly intent. hell-bent: adv.  Ã‚  In a hell-bent manner; with no effort or resources spared; all out, wholeheartedly, totally; determinedly, doggedly. The expression hell-for-leather means at â€Å"breakneck speed, very fast† and was originally used with reference to riding on horseback. It may have originated with Kipling. The earliest citation in the OED is from an 1889 Kipling story, â€Å"The Valley of the Shadow.† CAPT. M. (Jealously) Then dont say it! Leave him alone. Its not bad enough to croak over. Here, Gaddy, take the chit to Bingle and ride hell-for-leather. Itll do you good. I cant go. JUNIOR CHAPLAIN. (Flicking M.s charger.) Thatll do, thanks. Turn in, Gadsby, and Ill bring Bingle backahemhell-for-leather. The fused expression hell-bent for leather (1926) is apparently an American coinage that fuses hell-bent with hell-for-leather and means â€Å"recklessly fast.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:36 Adjectives Describing Light3 Cases of Complicated Hyphenation10 Functions of the Comma

Industrial Revolution in the 19th century Essay

Industrial Revolution in the 19th century - Essay Example The Victorian Era is one of the most popular eras in the history of Europe, particularly with respect to women. The Victoria Era had very well-established norms and practices for the women and all were expected to comply with those standards in order to live a respectable life. Women were not allowed to work. They were expected to get married at a very young age and take care of the family from that point on until death. The Victorian Era assigned man the responsibility of earning the bread while women were supposed to nurture the children. Women’s representation in social matters and in politics was negligible and their rights were subdued by men. Women’s movement in Europe commenced with the emergence of machinery in the days of the industrial revolution that surfaced in the 19th century. Replacement of the manual work with machine work brought the long-cultivated argument of the physical superiority of men over women to a halt. Although industrial revolution in the 1 9th century was beneficial for both Europe and America in terms of the technological advancement, yet one of the most important outcomes was the end it brought to the subjugation of rights of women by men in the Europe. In order to help their husbands run the finances, women had to enter the work force and assume roles that they had conventionally been denied in the Victorian Era. Industrial revolution brought an altogether revolution in the societal roles and perceptions of women. Women formed a new working group that acquired special attention of the society’s controlling power. Owing to the lack of pre-defined expectations of the society with the women as workers, the controlling power resolved to exploit the women. Women were taken extensive labor from and were compensated lesser as compared to the men. Here, then, is the "curse" of our factory-system; as improvements in machinery have gone on, the "avarice of masters" has prompted many to exact more labour from their han ds than they were fitted by nature to perform, and those who have wished for the hours of labour to be less for all ages than the legislature would even yet sanction, have had no alternative but to conform more or less to the prevailing practice, or abandon the trade altogether. (Fielden). Not only were the women subjected to injustice in the society, but they also had troubles managing their homes like they had been doing for centuries before. Nevertheless, with whatever they earned, they gained significant financial independence. Their work led them to personal grooming. The increasingly confident women were able to break free of the chains they had been tied with for centuries. Men saw the increased freedom of the women as a threat to their dominating role in the society, yet they could not overlook the benefits of the same. This led the notion of â€Å"equal but different† to surface, which men used to define women in the period of the industrial revolution. During the ag e of industrial revolution, Europe transited from the agricultural to the urbanized state which was the preliminary form of the Europe we know today. The industrial revolution caused a drastic transformation of the farm villages into the urban areas. One of the most obvious